The treasure of Lorenzo il Magnifico
Lorenzo the Magnificent, son of Piero Gottoso and Lucrezia Tornabuoni, nephew of Cosimo il Vecchio, is born in Florence in 1449 and is educated by great humanists and philosophers such as Marsilio Ficino. After his father’s death (1469), he continued the politics of the Medici family, that of “governing without ruling”, maintaining the control over the political Florentine life without eliminating the republican government that was formally in charge. From Rome, Pope Sixtus IV planned an anti-Medici plot, the “Congiura dei Pazzi”, that was supposed to kill Lorenzo and his brother Giuliano (Lorenzo was saved while Giuliano died).



Lorenzo the Magnificent, son of Piero Gottoso and Lucrezia Tornabuoni, nephew of Cosimo il Vecchio, is born in Florence in 1449 and is educated by great humanists and philosophers such as Marsilio Ficino. After his father’s death (1469), he continued the politics of the Medici family, that of “governing without ruling”, maintaining the control over the political Florentine life without eliminating the republican government that was formally in charge. From Rome, Pope Sixtus IV planned an anti-Medici plot, the “Congiura dei Pazzi”, that was supposed to kill Lorenzo and his brother Giuliano (Lorenzo was saved while Giuliano died). The consequences were harsh: the conspirators were killed or imprisoned and the Pope responded by excommunicating Lorenzo, prohibiting his presence in the city (forbidding his worship in Florence) and declaring war with the help of the King of Naples. Lorenzo resolved the situation by convincing the King of Naples to give up his alliance with the Pope; Pope Sixtus IV was thus forced to stop the war in 1480 and withdraw his order of restriction and excommunication, while Lorenzo was being acclaimed as the savior of the nation. The Magnificent maintains until his death (1492) an equilibrated politics and peace among the Italian states, becoming the “tip of the balance” in the Italian political life. More than just a politics man he was also a great literary man, writing about philosophy, proses and verses (the famous “Canzona di Bacco) and also a great patron, surrounding himself with artists such as Giuliano da Sangallo, Verrocchio, Ghirlandaio, Botticelli and young Michelangelo. Just like his father and grandfather he collected any kind of treasure in the house of the Medici from Via Larga (today Via Cavour); the most precious ones were cameos, carvings and vases in semi-precious stones, realized with the help of rare and difficult to manage materials such as agate, porphyry, carnelian, jasper and amethyst to which there were attributed special properties and dark mysterious forces (for example the crystal fortress was considered a good antidote). In ancient Roman times, Julius Caesar along with his roman emperors and eastern rulers possessed spectacular collections of similar artifacts; it can be understood the fact why the finest men of the Renaissance period were always ready to spend fortunes in order to have the most treasured pieces whether ancient or modern. In his collection the famous “Tazza Farnese” held an honorary place, cameo shaped as a cup, created in Alexandria in the second century B.C. during the ruling of Tolomei, piece that in time also belonged to Frederick II of Swabia. The splendid piece, depicting on the inside an allegory of infertility, has been estimated at ten thousand guilders, a fabulous amount if we think about the fact that the frescos in the Tornabuoni chapel, works realized by Ghirlandaio at Santa Maria Novella, cost just a thousand guilders, and the annual salary of weaver could have been only thirty-seven guilders. Another famous piece was the “Seal of Nero”, a Roman carving in carnelian, depicting the myth of Apollo and Marsia, believed to be part of the collection of the emperor, for which it has previously been created by Lorenzo Ghiberti, a precious dragon frame, a piece already lost in the times of the Magnificent. After the death of Lorenzo in 1492, these objects have been in serious danger: with the Medici being expelled from Florence in 1494 and with the bankruptcy of the Medici bank, the municipal authorities decided to publicly sell the proprieties of the family as compensation. Many goods were lost in the sales that took place in 1945 in the Orsanmichele Church although almost all the objects made from precious stones and cameos were saved by people close to the Medici family.
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